as claimed Casimiro Eat (Short Guide Topographical-Historical Town of Oria. Marrazzi Ed, Oria 1961) "head stock" of the illegal sect Bourbons of Oria.
He lived a lot in Naples, where he studied and obtained a Diploma of Fine Arts, Humanities and Law in 1845, where he forged his political temperament antiborbonico in attending the famous Café 'good', 'De Angelis',' Danzelli "," Great Britain "," Herculaneum "and" Comito, "places of meeting of all those" heated
"(literally mentioned in the biography written by his son, Attilio, entitled "A Trust) who aspired to the creation of an Italy free and independent.
Residing in Oria, weaving the threads against the Bourbons, we often meet in the Café 'Persian' in Lecce with the other "liberal" Terra d'Otranto.
A 31 years Camillus Monaco, despite this political activism was not considered a "subversive" by the Neapolitan authorities, it was only when, at the personal request decided to take leave of the Body Guard of Honour of the King, which had enlisted just twenty-one. The
Monaco, in fact, as Mazzini and the liberal cavuriani had taken action more pronounced in the South of Italy to scroll through the Bourbon regime, he felt that it was high time for him to increase his political commitment, moving from Oria, and Lecce Naples with greater insistence.
For this reason, January 11, 1851 was subjected to interrogation: the judges wanted to know something about his past stay in Naples and its constant movement.
imprisoned in the Santa Maria di Capua for 55 days, was later released, but was included in the list of "Trusted."
year following, namely 27 August 1852, his home in Naples was subjected to thorough inspection by the Inspector Frank Cangemi who took papers and journalistic material, he said, interesting.
considered 'subversive', Camillo Monaco spent, then, the years between 1851 and 1859, now under special surveillance, now in jail, now in exile.
Meanwhile, the Bourbon regime was drawing to an end. A nothing was worth the granting of the Constitution, nor the trip, which King Ferdinand II had even amid the jubilation of many populations of Apulia, like that of Oria, Sava, of Fragagnano, Carosino and San Giorgio, was approximated to Bourbon throne, the masses of many cities. The king himself seemed
be aware of. The phrase that the King spoke to his wife "
Tere, which vote is facimmo bad trip" has the air of a prophecy.
On May 22, Ferdinand was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Francis II, but this policy initiative was not sufficient to avert the end of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
Garibaldi with its "
picciotti " had liberated Sicily and defeated the last time on the Volturno resistance Bourbon.
On March 17, 1861, Italy was finally proclaimed "unity, independence and monarchy." The awards
political Camillo Monaco received for his work as a conspirator and a patriot to the cause in support of unity, there were many, but what gave him an enormous personal prestige and authority to intervene in the name of the first Garibaldi and Vittorio Emanuele II and then, in the political and administrative affairs of the City of Oria, was the appointment of "Special Commissioner of the City," entrusted by the Provisional Government's dictatorial Naples, September 6, 1860. Organized
Corps National Guard, the Monaco was the only country responsible for public order and the undisputed political leader. Oritani
Not all were, however, become "liberal" and "filopiemontesi.
Many citizens resented the new historical and expected a good opportunity to intervene. The spark was caused
Day Easter, March 31, 1861, about two weeks after the anniversary of the official proclamation of the Unity of Italy.
The public uproar broke out in Piazza Manfredi at dusk, however, was promptly panned by the National Guard. The son of Monaco, his biographer, dismissed the event with a few bars, as a matter of little consequence. But it was not trivial!
On that occasion, in fact, the National Guard became stained with the blood of three citizens, killed with a bayonet, and several wounded.
Even the air you breathe in the country in those years was overheated because of the political factions strongly opposed the 'liberal' and 'Bourbon'. Finance
the Clergy in Oria and the entire diocese was divided.
one hand there were the priests fìloliberali and friends of Monaco, on the other priests conservatives, linked to the "Bourbon" Margaret Bishop, Bishop of Oria. Monaco
Attilio says the bishop in his biography that his father was a "passionate defender of the Bourbon cause, getting to this, the hatred of many and the house arrest in 1860."
short, the policy bias in Oria was such that some families tried to kill the bishop who celebrated a Pontifical in Cathedral, by shooting him from the dome and the Church Oria, after the escape of the Bishop, he fell into a schism that lasted three years.
One thing is certain: the fall of the Bourbons in the city wreaked persecution, harassment and abuse by the winners 'liberal' and quelled the riot in the blood it is the clearest proof.
After five years of absolute power by the liberal faction, the elections of 1866 saw the victory of the Conservatives in city government.
Camillo Monaco, past the opposition, is not known peace for the defeat and began to attack the new directors in the not so much in their political and ethical behavior of individuals, leading to public denigration. He even printed his slander in a newspaper of Taranto, entitled "The Echo of the two seas."
Municipal Administrators responded to these insults by a pamphlet written by the priest Don Cosimo De Angelis, containing the entire history of abuse and bullying of Monaco, made until 1866. (The booklet, however, was signed by Louis Carone!).
the response of the Directors, the Monaco was followed by a late libel suit in 1869.
The air had become unbearable in Oria again!
Directors, at this point, urged an investigation by the Judiciary to investigate the actions of Monaco for all the years of his term as "extraordinary commissioner" and "Captain of the National Guard" and investigate its moral responsibility in the matter of riot of March 31, 1861. They were so
indicted:
Camillo Monaco, National Guard Captain, Deputy Mayor and Municipal Councilor, Francesco Orsini, extralegal guard; Francesco Biasi, guard extralegal, Mauro Di Pasquale, extralegal guard, shoemaker; Fella Noah, extralegal guard, carpenter (affected and sentenced for theft ) Jose Patino, extralegal guard, carpenter (affected and convicted of theft); Vincent Attanasio, extralegal guard.
The prosecutor called them "bad men" and "Well done" to use the precise words. The same opinion was expressed in the Resolution of the Council Chamber (vol. 2, page 170).
"Camillo Monaco - so we read - head the country, had its exposures; annoveravansi between these defendants and some other that were deemed "good" time in between. All was lawful for them that season. Threats, insults, insults, beatings and theft were seen in those days and the honest people kept silent because the King of Oria in his secret all approved. They had better days hereafter arise for the triumph of justice because, secure in the hearts, were denounced by citizens and try some of those evil and rascality consumed by Noah and Joseph Patino Fella (facienti sad part of this association), as guilty of theft hours atone for the penalty of imprisonment. "
The charges for Monaco and his collaborators were:
1)-Theft of the thrones of the Episcopal Church of Oria;
2)-burglary;
3)-Arbitrary arrests and abuse of power;
4)-cause of the deaths of three people;
5)-slander against Francesco De Angelis;
6)-robberies against Frank Russo.
Camillo Monaco to defend themselves, had to use the best lawyers of the Bar of Lecce, including Chambers. Leonardo Frascassovitti, the lawyer. Barletti Vincent, the lawyer. And Mr. Mark Paladini. Joseph Falco, who argued during the trial, the prosecution bias, a lack of evidence, the inevitability of the need for the state and the absence of threats to the judge district prisons. The verdict was
acquittal for Monaco and all the other defendants for the following reasons:
- many murders, consumed during those years of political transition, had gone unpunished;
- the case has been celebrated from the event after some time of the facts;
- exacerbated the bias of witnesses against him and had harmed exhaust the search for truth.
The "Citizen Leccese" 1 April 1871 praised the judges' decision, saying: "We are pleased that Camillo Monaco, a patriot of ancient date, was given the freedom that had been removed, only to have made his duty to defend public order and law. "
"The advocate," another newspaper Salento, 3 April of that year, went out with the news of absolution of Monaco and a brief history of the riot that had caused the deaths of three people, suggesting, finally, that the case was wanted by the enemies of the Liberal Party.
Today, thanks to the discovery of copies of correspondence with the family Filoti, (correspondence of the case against Camillo Monaco, kept in the private Family Filoti Oria, consisting of 270 bound sheets no more than three papers showing the episode (n 2. 'Citizen Leccese' No 1 'the proponent') the events of that time can be revisited with more analysis.
to us that we have carefully read the correspondence has given us the opportunity to find many new elements that lead us to be quite critical of Monaco, seeing in him not so much the material author of the deaths of three poor unfortunate people, as the moral authority and organizing aware of blood.
was the day of Easter, a holiday, during which the villagers used to gather in Piazza Manfredi to meet and talk with each other.
For about two weeks in Italy was celebrated the anniversary of the Unit and that holiday had to be held by the Liberals in Oria quite appropriate because it reminds us of the memory.
For this reason, Monaco had been arrested several people, including Cosimo and Cosimo Mola Calò, which he considered "
troublemakers" because they had hired the boys to shout in the Piazza "Viva Francesco II.
In the afternoon, it was paraded through the streets of the town band in the country.
the accompaniment of political intriguers, friends of Monaco, who threatened and beaten by those who shouted "Viva Vittorio Emanuele II."
Executive Square in the band, the National Guard Sergeant, Don Nicholas Pinto, was invited by Monaco to hold a public meeting.
had to be some expression of impatience on the part of some national pro-Bourbon if Monaco did take the National Guard.
His speech was so violent that soon lay on the ground in a pool of blood, finished bayonets, Marcello Sartorio, performer of the dishes, Pasquale Pastorelli, a former Bourbon, laborer, and Peter Sartorio, Marcello's father, a trombonist.
that the intervention of the National Guard was useless it relies heavily on the statements made during the process:
Francesco D'Amico, National Guard, said that neither Saturday or Easter Sunday there was no reason to fear a revolt.
Vincenzo D'Amico said he had taken in that way you get rid of the "reactionary."
Angelo De Angelis, National Guard, said the Guard was neither caused nor threatened. Domenico
Greek called the National Guards' foam of brigands, "protected by Monaco. John Toscano, the National Guard, accused the Monaco, saying that it was he who incited the guards.
Dominic Trinchero stated that to throw bayonets was the Orsini, a guard extralegal. Peter Conte said he did not need the intervention of the National Guard in Piazza. Attanasi Pasquale said that there was no meeting in the square, given the fact that there was no danger of reaction. Isabella Antonini, mother killed in Piazza Pastorelli, accused of murder and the Orsini extraguardie Biasi and called the Monaco "King of the
country."
that the intervention of the National Guard was also provocative, it is clear from the fact that the faction Bourbon had been rendered powerless to harm, since the Monaco had been arrested over the wheel and Calò, Angelo Masiello, farmer; Cosimo Mingolla, farmer; Cosimo De Fazio, farmer; Pasquale Barone, owner; Manisco Raffaele, farmer and Luciano Manisco Former soldier Bourbon drifter.
the correspondence, finally, we learn that in the hands of those killed by alleged agitators, no weapon was found, the doctor Danusci Joseph, in charge to perform an autopsy was threatened by the "liberal" and that the Examining Magistrate allowed the reconnaissance the bodies and the autopsy a few days later, when the decomposition was already well advanced.
shadow, then, this figure falls the public has always considered a hero Garibaldi and that following the discovery of the correspondence is rather a violent and overbearing fazionario.
Which of the two images is true? Scholars
the answer! We
we have not wanted to speak to a desire to desecrate and throw mud in the personality of a man but for the sake of historical research and truth. Prof. Antonio
Welcome
PRESENTATION Anna Maria Andriani facsimile reproduction of a reliable volume: Camillo Monaco (1927), written by his son, Attilio, on the bicentennial of the birth of Giuseppe Mazzini. 2006. The volume edition of a wait: Camillo Monaco (1927), written by his son, Attilio, documents the story of a patriot in the context of the Risorgimento movement Salento and national, which sought independence and a system of freedom, strongly inspired by the thought and action of Giuseppe Mazzini.
Camillo Monaco (1819-1896), the third son of Pasquale ("gentleman" and owner) and Gaetana waking life, in 1838 he enlisted in the Guard of Honour in Terra d'Otranto, in 1841, he moved to Naples attend legal studies. Once the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, he entered the great Italian and European ideological conversation, and he began his adventurous story of "reckless liberal Mazzini." On July 6 1856, in Naples, he married Nicoletta Leanza They had nine children: six boys and three girls. Fascinated by the ideals of freedom and independence, moved from the failed attempt of the brothers Bandiera, he called his first two sons, Attilio and Emilio, Garibaldi was the name of the second-last child, born in 1864, Italy and the daughter born in 1873. Supervised by the Bourbon police, entered the crosshairs of Morbilli Commissioner, who had undertaken a crusade against the bearded ones "in 1850. The family lived in Monaco
Oria, small farming town economically and socially backward, the District of Brindisi. In the city, ruled by a Decurionate, the population was divided into rich landowners or gentry owners, civilian professionals, "artisans, farmers and laborers. Two political parties: a traditional supporter of the Bourbon regime and the other oriented toward the new order of things, which identified the "ambitions of Monaco."
a reliable reads like a diary of the human and political Camillo Monaco, rebuilt from the inside - with the port of emotions and family traditions of the writer, the son of the protagonist - with the rationalization and detachment of the historian, but also of the same child is now retired, but was also a citizen of the world. Attilio, then, would fix on the page what William Wordsworth called "emotion recollected in tranquility
"(emotion remembered in tranquility): the struggle for independence that had preceded his childhood and whose stories have nourished his youth. The reader of a wait note, however, between the lines, a trembling, veiled sadness at the points in which the writer-son can not explain attitudes and behavior, to dispel the shadows to dispel forever the terrible doubts and insinuations, as if to justify himself in front of the father - the protagonist of the biography - and in front of the other martyrs of freedom, failing to understand fully and to cast full light on the shadows of suspicion. Concerned to illuminate the dark regions that surround her father's life, especially in this difficult period in Naples on horseback between 1848 and 1860, the son biographer senses, touches the issues, but not silent doubts about the action of the father is silent, however, over two trials in 1861 and 1870 about the "criminal offenses" occurred on the day of Oria Easter, March 31, 1861.
dell'Attendibile shines from reading the profound sense of human solidarity with his father, a member of a noble family tradition and a historic moment, which includes the various experiences that are unique and unrepeatable. The author captures the protagonists in the three cultural value, historical and human, along with the political tension. Camillo Monaco emerges as a key figure in the history of Oria and precious essential link, as an apostle and leader of the republican movement unified national based on "Thought and Action" Mazzini.
proposing a reliable public attention: Camillo Monaco has wanted to add another missing piece - after that of Sir James Lacaita - that great mosaic of our national history.
This does not mean that the case is resolved Camillo Monaco, because the question remains: who was really Camillo Monaco? What did he do?
He was, as is apparent from the trial records of 1861:
"the Royal Subeconomo of the Diocese of Oria in fact paid for the industry from 1860 to 1861, the Royal Extraordinary Officer in Torre Santa Susanna, the General Staff of the National Guard invested honor and title of Knight of SS.ti Maurice and Lazarus, the Provincial Council, the President of the Congregation of Charity, the Taxman Fondiario [in the Monaco office resigned because "profit"].
And, in return, he was seen as
"feudal lords of the Middle Ages, [...] indeed King of the country with his court Bravi, order and have carried out violence and crimes against forced vassals?.
Therefore, only a cross-sectional study of the sources could be found to bring out more clearly the figure of Camillo Monaco.
The proposal outlined publishing of his biography by his son, Attilio, Family Tree enriched the family of Monaco and indexes of names and places, offering other food for thought, he wants be a call to broaden and deepen the research.
AM Andriani
[A page. 15 of a wait (by the son Attila) reads: "In these pages, which do not contain the record of extraordinary events ol'accenno serious convictions, carry only special police persecution and harassment against a trusted, my Father: old things of a lost world, lost in the whirlwind of years, and of which there is no other track in card stock, now saturated with mold and the past, but formidable hands have written and peeled. "]
Below I reprint a profile traced by Dr. Pasquale Spina in his beautiful book on toponymy Oria: "Oria / old roads, new names, new roads, old names. 2003. [The character which is dedicated to this way of life is certainly a key player in the second half of Oria. Camillo Monaco was born on 22 February 1819 by Pasquale and Gaetana Life. belonged to one of the oldest and richest families of Oria. To read the two most convincing works written in C. Monaco, the biography of his son Attilio A. Welcome and process, it seems, almost, of being faced with two completely different characters: the first martyr of the Bourbons, the patriot inspired by the ideals of freedom, the proponent of new ideas, the other a domineering and vindictive character who persecute its victims do not hesitate to use violence. As usual, the truth is never all on one side, regardless of whether or not it had the ideals of freedom, endured until 1860, several trials and convictions by the Justice Bourbon.
advent of Savoy was finally able to implement its aspirations to be a leader of the political and administrative life of his city, and from then until his death there were municipal offices and missions to which Camillo Monaco was not called. He was appointed Commissioner of the Provisional Government dictatorial, was, almost uninterruptedly, alderman, for long periods, alderman, and was also serving as acting mayor. At the same time in these administrative positions Camillo Monaco He also serves very prestigious: Staff of the National Guard and was commander of the battalion throughout the mandate, was the first president of the Congregation of Charity and was sub-treasurer of the Diocesan Oria appointed by Ministerial Decree of 8 March 1863.
centralize all this power, it was inevitable that do not occur Camillo Monaco occasions when he is able to exercise those vendettas against those from whom he was opposed in the Bourbon period.]
Here is a piece from the book: "The Diocese of Oria 800, Caramel Turrisi. another interesting picture emerges of those times: that of the Bishop of Oria Louis Margarita. The Risorgimento movement is evolving under Ferdinand II (1830-1859) whose government, though more open to the problems of time and better prepared to respond to positive innovations of the French decade, however, failed to meet the-change movement led by the bourgeoisie intellectual whose program included a better "administrative-bureaucratic organization, uniform, centralized, against the chaos of laws and institutions, and the privileged strata of the customs, anti-clericalism, or better anticurialismo ... religious tolerance and incipient secularization of the state and social life ... '. The nuncio, Msgr. Antonio Garibaldi confirmed the validity of these claims writing to the secretary of state about the now famous Ferretti Monsignor Luigi Settembrini booklet entitled 'The protest of the people of the Two Sicilies "in 1847:
The petition is very sorry for people affezzionate the King, because it tries to make hateful person of the monarch, endeavoring to bring him guilty of all the evil of government are open and regrets, attributing the major flaws that did not, and concealing the beginning of good in him that I must however say that the substance of public evils, against which they claim, is no longer seriously: I mean the lack of order and legality in the administration, with zeal and probity in public employees from top to low, without the necessary exceptions of course, that should really be looked upon as true exceptions.
It therefore came as a consequence of the revolution of 1848 and the granting of the Constitution of 29 January which allowed the guarantigie representative and established the national parliament. The news came in Puglia on 1 February, lifted enthusiastic welcomes. It had the feeling of being out of chaos and darkness. Even the "regular reports of the police," the joyful notified of the Constitution to Sava in Francavilla, Ceglie and Oria, which occurred well as various disorders dictated by the ancient rivalry between 'rich and poor. " The illusion lasted aroused by the Constitution granted until March 12, 1848 when it was withdrawn and were collected signatures to the initiative, prompting the immediate reaction of the liberals. The diocese he was involved (see Note 1). The government remedied immediately reinforced with police measures and penalties against the supporters of the Constitution.
the death of Ferdinand II, who spent the last years of his reign in the "most complete absolutism," ascended the throne his son Francis II, who was given the chance to witness the sad demise of the Bourbon dynasty from the kingdom of the Two Sicilies under the thrust of the action figures. After the capture of Naples (September 7, 1859) and Gaeta (February 13, 1861), left the country retreat in Rome, where fed by a weak reaction by promoting the revival of brigandage (See Note 2).
In the last years of the Bourbon monarchy ruled by the Diocese of Oria Margarita was born in Francavilla Fontana, the only bishop of this period came from the same diocese. In the process was described:
Vir gravitate, prudence, doctrina, morum probity, rerumque experientia praeditus in Eccles et functionibus apprime versatus, dignus propterea here Ecclesiae Oritanae in Episcopum praeficiatur. For Peter Palumbo, author of a history of Francavilla, liberal and outspoken opponent of Margarita, the latter would be elected to the chair of Oria 'sovereign for protection rather than on merits, not being more than a mediocre monk of the Congregation of St. Vincent of Paul "related to the Bourbon cause, facilitated by his brother Antonio, who had achieved an economic powerhouse of the family by marrying a Bottari. A few years later his appointment was suspected of simony
. The Canon De Angelis, using the s. Father in 1857 against his bishop, he wrote:
[... only to resign V. Bliss, that such incapacity is more than benign consider simony publicly known ... The
simony Margarita United PEL was trumpeting a dark servant, who brought eight thousand ducats, and the diocese now I can challenge many facts.]
This statement can not be assessed critically to the lack of other documents, may seem suspect at least taking into account that De Angelis had been relegated to a convent in Ruvo from Margarita. The news that Simon was still collected by some authors as Palumbo and Argentina. The first is about 12 thousand ducats and highlights the spirit of arrival of Margarita. The Argentina speaks instead of 18 thousand ducats offered to the minister because the person was proposed for s. A bishop's seat to occupy. But they do not show some, indeed estimate the charge of simony "a defamatory falsehood '
The 18,000 gold ducats if you really disbursed to the Ministry of Religious Affairs Bourbon era, did not involve the crime of simony, because they are used get that P. Luigi Margarita Mission to the Holy See was proposed for appointment as Bishop of Oria, as a person worthy and pleasing to the R. Crown of Naples. We understand the effects of the proposal, which could also be rejected, not the church benefit from those who had the power to confer (Note 3). More reliable
seems the insinuation that the government had proposed to Margarita s. See for its distinctly Bourbon and trends that had intended for a diocese declared by some "traditional nest of absolutism and tyranny" and where all the bishops certainly predecessors had shown undoubted attachment to the Bourbons. It is certain that the period of the episcopate of Margarita in Oria to be counted among the most troubled and difficult socio-political situations that required a certain psychological adjustment to which he was not prepared. So was unable to conceive, the various problems that faced the stage of history, a different solution from the confessional jurisdictionalism Bourbon still considered a "cornerstone for the reconstruction effort, which seemed so urgently need." This explains Margarita well the certain servility of the Bourbons also conferred on him by the nuncio (See Note 4).
But the Bourbon monarchy had ended his story in the South and when he disappeared at the end of '59 is hardly surprising, since it has long warned that it could not fulfill its mission below. Several causes had prepared its end: the break with the Enlightenment culture that had supported the southern Bourbon reformism often believing, unlike other states, but the possibility of cooperation on a more democratic, the education crisis, the army and bureaucracy, the sad economic situation, despite attempts at reform, could not lift the conditions of the people, and finally, the lack of careful diplomacy in the field of alliances that forced her to remain in the circle of influence in Austria. That's why the margarita, bourbon devotion, began to suffer the consequences of his policies after the disappearance of Bourbon, along with much of southern episcopate. There are those who think that the bishops had the South to the new political party only for wanting to appease the various factions. It was, writes the "Catholic Civilization," of frauds against them:
What then, as usual, is honored with the subversive to put the Bishops in the appearance of unfair and felons to their rightful King, praising them for having joined the new order established there by the treachery and force. This is quite false. Very few of the bishops bowed to such cowardice, and several, such as the sake of example, the Professor of Altamura, wrote letters to cancel a lot of energy with which the imposture of their goodness evil faceasi abuse, showing members of the revolution. So sad soles repaid by the piety and charity of the clergy. This fidelity to the episcopate
Bourbon cause, unlike the lower clergy, was also declared in a report dated 18 August 1860 the Minister of Interior:
A fact I have to report to Your Excellency almost universal, and in ways more or less expressed is repeated in all dioceses in the Kingdom and it is that the bishops be discovered, generally speaking, hostile to the new order of things. Only there was difference in the way that some make an opposition to the Statute would say almost passive, it does not allow you to play with freedom and those that way, which requires that wish to bear fruit worthy of the maturity of the times in which we are. Others, making him the most striking contrast, almost wearing the uniform of the conspirators, to forget the past and the priestly and public debt, with the word that is mighty on their lips, and openly hostile acts, become the center of reaction and the honest Liberal lead to thoughts that were never, removing power to the government and the country in putting on the skid to fall into anarchy ... (See Note 5). Among the bishops
liable to object to the granting of the Charter-tional costs granted by Francis II in '48 and recalled by a decree in force on 1 July 1860, was also included along with the margarita part of its clergy.
Unconstitutional, but the reaction of the clergy and workers were generally in Salento.
The years that followed the unification of Italy marked the clash, in ecclesiastical politics, the "rigid Southern jurisdictionalism" with the formula devised by the Cavour of the freedom of the State and the Church. Mancini did not like the minister and other southerners who admitted that the state should continue to exercise its historical prerogatives of '
enforcement of
placet and the like that placed him in a position of supremacy over the Church. This divergence of views appeared well when he was presented the Bill of Guarantees to fix the position of S. See after the seizure Rome and the fall of the temporal power. It had been set to the new formula Cavour separatism of church and state.
However, these years were painful for the bishops of the kingdom that manifests their sense pastoral letters on "mournful events' Italian, showing solidarity to the pope to the facts of the Papal States. In January 1860 the bishops of the kingdom of Naples, wrote a letter to the Pope, who also bore the signature of Margarita. The political action of Margarita is influenced by these circumstances. He, having had to master the P. Thomas Contieri of a liberal, pro-Bourbon was, in fact it was believed 'spy Bourbon. " Yet he told the nuncio that one of the first acts of his episcopate was "not to meddle in political matters, but to continue in the holy mission of the priesthood," along with his clergy. And yet he was forced to deal with both because he believed in the mission for the Church of the Bourbons and because stimulated by several accessions of his clergy to the new political order. His authority rest on the liberal priests who, in appeals to the authorities and in meetings of the Chapter, not a shepherd but described him police commissioner, "an instrument of religious tyranny of the Bourbons," wrapped up in litigation, sower of dissent, of desolation and grief for the priests that he often chastises liberals. And so he was forced to suffer the consequences of his actions by the liberal reaction when the Constitution was proclaimed. Appeared against him and his family also believed religious' spy Bourbon. " He retired in Francavilla for peace. Part of the numerous clergy, the liberal, his native city does not welcome the presence and advanced to the Mayor Nicholas Barbaro-Forleo's request to remove him:
urgent and imperative need proclaims ready sortie of this unworthy prelate. For that this petition strongly recommended to you or the Mayor and settlers that represented the needs of our country lest certified by your decision, was resigned to all'Intendente the effectiveness of its implementation. The
decurionato voted on August 16, 1860 acclamation for the absolute removal of the bishop and his brother Secretary lest not done any disorder among this population that is ill because he sees the Archbishop and Bishop was catered by the canteen now vacant in the fact, which holds the disorder and therefore the people of Cleri Diocese (See Note 6).
And you wanted too, that the liberal clergy were deprived of office, because he was held responsible for the discord among the population. Under pressure from decurionato which it had put a report to the governor of the Terra d'Otranto walked away from his family retired to Naples in S. John Teduccio in the diocese entrusted to the treasurer D. Easter in May. Since these same political direction of the bishop was forced his resignation Sept. 4, 1860, and his place was occupied by the old D. Cosimo Lombardi supported by liberal revolutionaries who stormed the bishop's palace, the throne broke and burnt the bishop's coat of arms, while others' ambitious Chapter Orit, interpreted according to their point of view the canonical laws, persuaded colleagues to declare the Diocese of Oria home vacant due to the absence of the bishop and the ignorance of his home and request the seizure of the Lieutenancy of Naples revenues of Mensa Bishop "(See Note 7). The Lombardi lasted a few months in office, and 1861 he resigned for health reasons or because the bishop declared void the election. Although the Lieutenancy of Naples recommend it he was not given a substitute, and consequently the right passed to the Metropolitan Church of Taranto. As Msgr. Joseph Rotondo (1855-1885) away for the same political reasons that had hit the Margarita, the election was made by his vicar Canon D. Whiskers who sent Augustine to Oria D. Ciro Pignatelli di Grottaglie. But s. Congregation of Bishops and Regulars distrusted the Pignatelli with a rescript of November 23, 1861, appointing in his place the canonical D. Vincenzo De Angelis. Pignatelli, not only did not resign, but obtained by the government to relegate the first De Angelis in Brindisi and Lecce then. Great was the disorder and the deep rift between the clergy Margarit that was situated in the canon and the liberal May that recognized the Pignatelli. Were left in the first few churches to minister, but were chosen by the majority of the people for baptism and to celebrate weddings. It developed some confusion even in the monasteries of women who refused the authority of the Pignatelli was declared invalid because the "only legitimate and to be - he wrote the same Pignatelli - one of the infamous Bishop Margarita away, and his Pro-Vicar General Can. De Angelis. " The Canon De Angelis, from where he was relegated Lecce, did not cease, according to the report of the Pignatelli, to sow in all countries of this diocese, the most fierce moral reasoning, suggesting a number of ecclesiastical and political isconoscermi, as they have done, with the result S. See rescripts, give the course despite having no kind of Royal Exequatur, dé a capitatomi which I am honored with leaves, and procured from the same with his report, from which we clearly see that in the act, I ruled this diocese as Vicar of the Chapter, he strives Vicar General rule by stealth.
The rapporteur's position finally became untenable for the fierce struggle leveled at him by opponents, which he called "emissaries and Bourbonists Margaritiani ', and resigned September 25, 1863. He was succeeded by the Canon again in May at the behest of the bishop and were favored margaritani this time until the coming of Margarita in '66, but was forced to leave again struck by the Crispi Law of "suspicious 'Of May 1866, accused "as disturbing public order" was first relegated to Lecce, then Fenestrelle, from where he returned with a form of hearing loss serious enough that you do not never went back completely. In '67 he returned permanently in place.
Here ends the political crisis in the diocese and started his pastoral work of reconstruction to recover the share of the clergy who had embraced the new address and liberal restore confidence to the people devastated by internal strife. In its report of the Ad Limina '66 Margarita drew a picture of the political and moral situation of his diocese that occurred during the five years or so by noting the absence of adversity and attacks on religion. In this state
Church of the things he would need sensitive elements to the new order of things in order not to compromise the entire pastoral action. We wonder if Monsignor
Margarita was a bishop prepared to fulfill his pastoral duty. He "fighter in the defense of the faith", was accused of hindering "the most holy and every reasonable progress." Perhaps because of his character he failed to earn the respect and cooperation of all his clergy. Environment exacerbated the criticisms and complaints was described as "despotic character harsh, indelicate, unwise, overbearing, idolater of himself, vain, stubborn, greedy, greedy, cruel, and capricious punishment by from public humiliation, up from pulpits ... '. Not be underestimated even in the absence of Bourbon peace within the diocese had suggested that government, in 1854, transferring to another seat but was rejected by the Margarita. The nuncio, seemed convinced of the merits of the allegations contained in the applications so advised, in its penetration
She well understood how great delicacy in these moments it takes to drive across love the clergy, and then study what needs before decreeing to the same punishment .
It is, moreover, stressed the very ease with which VSI to the early days of his government has estimated to prevail by the sword of punishment, to sweet Game of the cross, Dano to almost all the clergy of his diocese examples of punishment ... Ease of imposing the canonical censures, and the need to withdraw does not produce the best effect ... I rested on the principle that you get with much sweetness, and little or nothing with the generalization of punishment, I believe that endeavor ways, and weighting, and charity in punishments, and all resolutions of some importance, and the advice that you will look far direct it to the good of the diocese, he would obtain the damage.
As advisers to the areas outlined, the nuncio had accepted as true the reports of Taranto, Raffaele Blunt (1835-55), on a rumor current in accordance with the Diocese of Oria which the clerical 'were most disappointed, because the punishment came from the insinuations made by the five brothers of the Bishop, so say the bishops of Oria are six, not one. "
who tried to excuse the behavior of Margarita was the bishop of Nardo, Luigi collection (1849-73), which referred to the nuncio:
from those who blame themselves and take over the conduct of the Bishop of the Diocese of Oria rappresentasi greatly as undisciplined, and incorrect to sign that they can judge the effect of holy zeal seems to fit locks to others, discipline, and deference, and as the Bishop would advise using a little more caution, and in the holy work of raising the expired Ecclesiastical discipline proceeding pitch less expeditious and more measured.
examining the chapters of his letters to churches and various interventions, we have gained the impression that we are dealing with a zealous bishop, but rather "despotic," to use the word told by his clergy. But almost all the bishops of the diocese in that age used the authoritarian system suggested by the circumstances, the character of the clergy and that the reform movement that in 800, after the Restoration, seemed to give credit to the authority in the religious sphere.
(Note 1) AS Lecce, Relationships ... 1848, fasc. 3183. The report of February 25 for Oria noted: "... except that certain exalted here, and Class dé Workers, or lesser landowners play in public the principles of liberalism in excess of constitutional limits. Come on here adopted the flag, map, and tricolor ribbons. And always Oria March 6: "The voices, then, and read poems and sing in celebration, however straripassino constitutional boundaries, they seem to enjoy rather than dictated by the heat of a licentious freedom, rather than opens excitation sedition ... '.
It is generally known in the province of Lecce, "Conspiracy or attempt to change the subject of government and excite the subjects and the inhabitants of the Kingdom to take up arms against the royal authority, and speeches in public gatherings and places to lead directly to the people in the United destroy and change the government, by May 19, 1848 in Lecce (see ibid.: Acts of inquiry and processura at large special criminal court of Otranto to the events of May 1848, pp. 3-6) . Very active
proved the canonical D. Salvatore Filoti and Manduria Schiavoni, who harangued the people inciting against King murderess they described as "author of blood and killings" and insinuating "to strangers, and that they govern dovevansi"
(Note 2) P. Palumbo, F. Francavilla History, vol. 2nd, p. 91. Monsignor Luigi Margarita invited Canon Ray, a professor of literature at the Seminary of Oria, to weave the obituary of Ferdinand II. But Ray refused the job saying that "the moral and the story that he was following, not judged to be commended for all the documents of the deceased sovereign
(Note 3) P. PALUMBO, History of Francavilla F., vol. 2nd, p. 86; F. Argentina, one of the Risorgimento in Francavilla F. (1799-1860), Fasano 1965; ID., Monsignor Luigi Margarita Bishop of Oria, and the fight with his clergy during the Risorgimento, Bari 1955, pp. 14-15; L. Bishop MARGARET, pastoral letter to the clergy and people, Napoli 1851, pp. 5 ss. The Margarita declared himself surprised by "the unexpected announcement" of his episcopate. If his words are sincere, he was exempt from any action "simoniacal. The question remains open why not corroborated by documents, but based on the testimony of one person. In more than would fit in the political moves of his many enemies.
(Note 4) AS Vat, N. Nap., 107 Oria, ext. 4: draft of the nuncio Cardinal Della Genga: "I am convinced that Bishop Margaret circles become benevolent government through its political relations ...».
(Note 5) R. De Cesare, The End of a Kingdom (Naples and Sicily). Part II. Reign of Francis II, Città di Castello 1900, p. 282. This report by the Director of the Interior and the Police was made on the basis of reports of newly appointed intendant of the liberal trend. See also: A. Monticone, I Southern bishops: 1861-1878, in Church and religion in Italy after unification (1861-1878). I - Reports, Milan 1973, pp. 86-87. On the political character of the southern bishops, the author remarks: "The bishops elected prior to 1861 were mainly related to the government rather than Bourbon and still deeply hostile to the national movement, so that four of them left their seats and followed the events of 1860 remained absent for a long time: the margarita, Bishop of Oria, and the sprue, Ruvo and Bito, were still at the end of 1866 in the list of those who believed the government could not return home, the Bruni, Ugento, had fled to Naples, where he had also withdrawn the 1860 Round of Taranto, remaining there until 1871, F. Joyful, episodes of reactionary clergy of Otranto in 1861-1865, in "Annals" of the Faculty of Education in Lecce, III (1973-1974), Bari 1974, pp. 227 ff.
(Note 6) P. Palumbo, cit.; AS Lecce, Proceedings of the Governor of Terra d'Otranto, phase. 16 October 1860. Contains two letters from the Mayor Barbaro-Forleo. In the first, he shall notify the Governor, "was approved a petition signed by clergy, religious communities, secular and several other notables of the middle class with which on behalf of this population dimandavasi ready removal of the Diocese Bishop Margarita, and her brother D. Thomas of his secretary, and provocavasi well as their translocation, providing another bishop of the diocese. This is because their mere existence in itself was a continuing threat to public order. "
In the second letter says: "Know that this population abbrividisce to name only as Margarita is the detestation and hatred against him."
bishop's brother, Antonio, but says unlike the temporary expulsion of the bishop of Oria: he estimated, "as one of the first owners of land in that town has always taken a few targeted malware that do not respect the law and order public and private, as a result of envy. The supplicant in order to avoid inconveniences and roads made against him and Following in his family and political change in the first movements of the realm in many common disorders have produced tried to get away for a while in other cities. "
(Note 7) F. Argentina, events ..., pp. 88-89. See also: AS Nap., A. Bourbon, 2220, II cat.: At a glance the conditions of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the year 1862 (the author is not mentioned), p. 2, footnote 1. It reported the opinion of the neutral press time on the behavior of the government towards the episcopate South: "When from 'Town Hall Napoletano become instances of the government, as was the case in many dioceses, to be called the Bishop in his residence, Government responds perfectly free to be bishops.
At the same time gives to 'the Board of Bishops did not return for hours, to avoid danger in the hostilities, and reactions. Meanwhile
concerns them as absent voluntarily, and confiscated the goods of the Canteen, by exciting the zeal of its debt by increasing the fee from 30 to 20 percent on the bishop's income collected rents. "
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