. March 2, 2010
What you are about to read is from the book: " The Diocese of Oria 800, Caramel Turrisi.
The Risorgimento movement is evolving under Ferdinand II (1830-1859) whose government, though more open to the problems of time and better prepared to respond to positive innovations of the French decade, however, failed to meet the motion-change driven by the intellectual bourgeoisie whose program
The Risorgimento movement is evolving under Ferdinand II (1830-1859) whose government, though more open to the problems of time and better prepared to respond to positive innovations of the French decade, however, failed to meet the motion-change driven by the intellectual bourgeoisie whose program
included a better "organization-administrative bureaucratic, centralized and uniform, against the chaos of laws and institutions, and the privileged strata of the customs, anti-clericalism, or better anticurialismo ... religious tolerance and incipient secularization of the state and social life ... '. The nuncio, Msgr. Antonio Garibaldi confirmed the validity of these claims by writing to the secretary of state, Monsignor Ferretti about the now famous pamphlet Luigi Settembrini entitled 'The protest of the people of the Two Sicilies "in 1847:
The petition is very sorry for people affezzionate the King, because it tries to make hateful person of the monarch, endeavoring to make it appear guilty of all the evil of government are open and regrets, attributing the major flaws that did not, and concealing the beginning of good in him that I must however say that the substance of public evils, against which they claim, is no longer serious I mean the lack of order and legality in the administration, with zeal and probity in public employees from top to bottom, without the necessary exceptions of course, that should really be looked upon as true exceptions.
It therefore came as a consequence of the revolution of 1848 and the granting of the Constitution of 29 January which allowed the guarantigie representative and established the national parliament. The news came in Puglia on 1 February, lifted enthusiastic welcomes. It had the feeling of being out of chaos and darkness. Even the "regular reports of the police," the joyful notified of the Constitution to Sava in Francavilla, Ceglie and Oria, which occurred well as various disorders dictated by the ancient rivalry between 'rich and poor. " The illusions aroused by the Constitution granted lasted until March 12, 1848 when it was withdrawn and were collected signatures to the initiative, prompting the immediate reaction of the liberals. The diocese he was involved (see Note 1). The government remedied immediately reinforced with police measures and penalties against the supporters of the Constitution.
the death of Ferdinand II, who spent the last years of his reign in the "most complete absolutism," ascended the throne his son Francis II, who was given the chance to witness the sad demise of the Bourbon dynasty from the kingdom of the Two Sicilies under the thrust of the action figures. After the capture of Naples (September 7, 1859) and Gaeta (February 13, 1861) left the country permanently retired to Rome, where he fed a weak reaction by promoting the revival brigandage (See Note 2)
In the last years of the Diocese of Oria Bourbon monarchy ruled by the Margarita was born in Francavilla Fontana, the only bishop of this period came from the same diocese. In the process was described:
Vir gravitate, prudence, doctrina, morum probity, rerumque experientia praeditus in Eccles et functionibus apprime versatus, dignus propterea here Ecclesiae Oritanae in Episcopum praeficiatur. For
Peter Palumbo, author of a history of Francavilla, liberal and outspoken opponent of Margarita, the latter would be elected to the chair of Oria 'sovereign for protection rather than merit, is not nothing but a poor monk of the Congregation of St. Vincent of Paul ' related to the Bourbon cause, facilitated by his brother Antonio, who had achieved an economic powerhouse of the family by marrying a Bottari. A few years later his appointment was suspected of simony. The Canon De Angelis, using the s. Father in 1857 against his bishop, he wrote:
[... only to resign V. Bliss, that such incapacity is more than benign consider simony publicly known ... Simony Margarita was trumpeting United PEL by a servant die, which took 8 000 ducats and the diocese now I can challenge many facts.]
This statement can not be assessed critically to the lack of other documents, it may seem at least suspected taking into account that De Angelis was relegated to a convent in Ruvo from Margarita. The news that Simon was still collected by some authors as Palumbo and Argentina. The first is about 12 thousand ducats and highlights the spirit of arrival of Margarita. The Argentina speaks instead of 18 thousand ducats offered to the minister because the person was proposed for s. A bishop's seat to occupy. But they do not show some, indeed estimate the charge of simony "a defamatory falsehood '
The 18,000 gold ducats if you really disbursed to the Ministry of Religious Affairs Bourbon era, did not involve the crime of simony, because it serves to get Fr Luigi Margarita Mission to the Holy See was proposed for appointment as Bishop of Oria, as a person worthy and pleasing to the R. Crown of Naples. We understand the effects of the proposal, which could also be rejected, not the church benefit from those who had the power to confer (See Note 3). More reliable
seems the insinuation that the government had proposed to Margarita s. See for its distinctly Bourbon and trends that had intended for a diocese declared by some "traditional nest of absolutism and tyranny" and where all the bishops certainly predecessors had shown undoubted attachment to the Bourbons. It is certain that the period of the episcopate in Margarita Oria is to be counted among the most troubled and difficult socio-political situations that required some adaptation psychology to which he was not prepared. So was unable to conceive, the various problems that faced the stage of history, a different solution from the confessional jurisdictionalism Bourbon still considered a "cornerstone for the reconstruction effort, which seemed so urgently need." This also explains that some of Margarita servility to the Bourbons, also conferred on him by the nuncio (See Note 4).
But the Bourbon monarchy had ended his story in the South and when he disappeared at the end of '59 is hardly surprising, since it has long warned that it could not fulfill its mission further. Several causes had prepared its end: the break with the Enlightenment Southern who had often supported the Bourbon reformist thinking, unlike other states, but the possibility of cooperation on a more democratic, the education crisis, the army and bureaucracy, the sad economic situation, despite attempts to reform , could not lift the conditions of the people, and finally, the lack of careful diplomacy in the field of alliances that forced her to remain in the circle of influence in Austria. That's why the margarita, bourbon devotion, began to suffer the consequences of his policies after the disappearance of the Bourbons, along with much of southern episcopate. There are those who think that the bishops had the South new political party to only want to appease the various factions. It was, writes the "Catholic Civilization," of frauds against them:
What then, as usual, is honored with the subversive to put the Bishops in the appearance of unfair and felons to their rightful King, praising them for having joined the new order established there by the treachery and force. This is quite false. Very few of the bishops bowed to such cowardice, and several, such as the sake of example, the Professor of Altamura, wrote letters to cancel a lot of energy with which the imposture of their goodness evil faceasi abuse, putting them on display for members the revolution. So sad soles repaid by the piety and charity the clergy. This fidelity to the episcopate
Bourbon cause, unlike the lower clergy, was also declared in a report dated 18 August 1860 the Minister of Interior:
A fact I have to report to Your Excellency almost universal, and in ways more or less expressed is repeated in all dioceses in the Kingdom and it is that the bishops be discovered, generally speaking, hostile to the new order of things. Only there was difference in the way that some make an opposition to the Statute would say almost passive, it does not allow you to play with freedom and those that way, which is required of a will that bear fruits worthy of the maturity of the times in which we are. Others, making him the most striking contrast, almost uniform dressing of the conspirators, to forget the past and defl'ufiicio priestly and public debt, with the word that is mighty on their lips, and openly hostile acts, become the center of reaction and the honest Liberal lead to thoughts that they had not ever, removing power to the government and the country in putting on the skid to fall into anarchy ... (See Note 5). Among the bishops
liable to object to the granting of constitutional status granted by Francis II in '48 and recalled by a decree in force on 1 July 1860, was also added to the margarita along with some of its clergy. Unconstitutional, but the reaction of the clergy and workers were generally in Salento. The years that followed
Unit Italy scored in the clash, in ecclesiastical politics, the "rigid Southern jurisdictionalism" with the formula devised by the Cavour of the freedom of the State and the Church. Mancini did not like the minister and other southerners who admitted that the state should continue to exercise its historical prerogatives exequatur of placet and the like that placed him in a position of supremacy over the Church. This divergence of views appeared well when he was presented the Bill of Guarantees to fix the position of the s. See after the fall of Rome and the fall of the temporal power. It had been set to the new fomula Cavour separatism of church and state. However, these years were painful
for the bishops of the kingdom that manifests their sense pastoral letters on "mournful events' Italian, showing solidarity to the pope to the facts of the Papal States. In January 1860 the bishops of the kingdom of Naples, wrote a letter to the Pope, who also bore the signature of Margarita. The political action of Margarita is influenced by these circumstances. He, having had to master the P. Thomas Contieri of a liberal, pro-Bourbon was, in fact it was believed 'spy Bourbon. " Yet he told the nuncio that one of the first acts of his episcopate was "not to meddle in political matters, but to continue in the holy mission of the priesthood," along with his clergy. And yet was forced to deal with it is because he believed in the mission for the Church of the Bourbons and because it stimulated by several accessions of his clergy to the new political order. His authority rest on the liberal priests who, in appeals to the authorities and in meetings of the Chapter, not a shepherd but described him police commissioner, "an instrument of religious tyranny of the Bourbons," wrapped up in litigation, sower of dissent, of desolation and grief for the priests that he often chastises liberals. And so he was forced to suffer the consequences of his action on the part of the liberal reaction when the Constitution was proclaimed. Appeared against him and his family also believed religious' spy Bourbon. " He retired in Francavilla for peace. Part of the numerous clergy, the liberal, his native city does not welcome the presence and advanced to the Mayor Nicholas Barbaro-Forleo's request to remove him:
urgent and imperative need proclaims ready sortie of this unworthy prelate. For that this petition strongly recommended to you or the Mayor and settlers that represented the needs of our country lest certified by your decision, was resigned to all'Intendente the effectiveness of its implementation. On August 16, 1860
decurionato voted by acclamation the absolute removal of the bishop and his brother Secretary lest not done any disorder among this population that is ill and because he sees the Archbishop Bishop was catered by the canteen now vacant in the fact that the disorder takes on the clergy and therefore the people of the diocese (see Note 6).
And you wanted too, that the liberal clergy were deprived of office, because he was held responsible for the discord among the population. Under pressure from decurionato which it had put a report to the governor of the Terra d'Otranto walked away from his family retired to Naples in S. John Teduccio in the diocese entrusted to the treasurer D. Easter in May. Since these same political direction of the bishop was forced to resign Sept. 4, 1860, and his place was occupied by the old D. Cosimo Lombardi supported by liberal revolutionaries who stormed the bishop's palace, broke the bishop's throne and burned the arms, while others' ambitious Chapter Orit, playing according to their point of view the canonical laws, persuaded colleagues to declare the seat vacant Diocese of Oria, in the absence of the bishop and the ignorance of his address and request the seizure of the Lieutenancy of Naples on revenues of Bishop's Table "(See Note 7). The Lombardi lasted a few months in office, and 1861 he resigned for health reasons or because the bishop declared void the election. Although the Lieutenancy of Naples advised him he was not given a substitute, and consequently the right passed to the Metropolitan Church of Taranto. As Msgr. Joseph Rotondo (1855-1885) for the same distance political reasons that had hit the Margarita, the election was made by his vicar Canon D. Whiskers who sent Augustine to Oria D. Ciro Pignatelli di Grottaglie. But s. Congregation of Bishops and Regulars distrusted the Pignatelli with a rescript of November 23, 1861, appointing in his place the canonical D. Vincenzo De Angelis. Pignatelli, not only did not resign, but obtained by the government to relegate the first De Angelis in Brindisi and Lecce then. Great was the disorder and the deep rift between the clergy Margarit that was situated in the canon and the liberal May that recognized the Pignatelli. Were left in the first few churches to minister, but were chosen by the majority of the people for baptism and to celebrate weddings. It developed a some confusion even in convents who refused the authority of the Pignatelli declared invalid because the "only legitimate and to be - he wrote the same Pignatelli - one of the infamous Bishop Margarita away, and his Pro-Vicar General Can. De Angelis. " The Canon De Angelis, from where he was relegated Lecce, did not cease, according to the report of the Pignatelli,
of sowing in all countries of this diocese, the most fierce moral reasoning, suggesting a number of ecclesiastical and political isconoscermi, as they have done with lead by S. See rescripts, give the course despite having no kind of Royal Exequatur, dé a capitatomi which I am honored with leaves, and the same with his report procured from which we clearly see that in the act, I ruled this diocese as Vicar of the Chapter, he strives to govern by stealth Vicar General.
The rapporteur's position finally became untenable for the fierce struggle leveled at him by opponents, which he called "emissaries and Bourbonists Margaritiani ', and resigned September 25, 1863. He was succeeded by the Canon again in May at the behest of the bishop and were favored margaritani this time until the coming of Margarita in '66, but was forced to leave again struck by the Crispi Law of "suspicious" of May 1866, accused "of such disruptive public policy ', Lecce were relegated to the first, then Fenestrelle, from where he returned with a form of hearing loss serious enough that you do not never went back completely. In '67 he returned permanently in place.
Here ends the political crisis in the diocese and started his pastoral work of reconstruction to recover the share of the clergy who had embraced the new address and liberal restore confidence to the people devastated by internal strife. In its report of the Ad Limina '66 Margarita drew a picture of the political and moral situation of his diocese that occurred during the five years or so by noting the absence of adversity and attacks on religion.
In this situation the Church would have required sensitive elements to the new order of things in order not to compromise the entire pastoral action. There
wonder if Bishop Margarita was a bishop prepared to fulfill his pastoral duty. He "fighter in the defense of the faith", was accused of hindering "the most holy and every reasonable progress." Perhaps because of his character he failed to earn the respect and cooperation of all his clergy. Environment exacerbated the criticisms and complaints was described as "despotic character harsh, indelicate, unwise, overbearing, idolater of himself, vain, stubborn, greedy, greedy, cruel, and capricious punishment by public humiliation, up from the pulpits ... '. Not be underestimated even in the absence of Bourbon peace within the diocese had suggested that government, in 1854, transferring to another seat but was rejected by the Margarita. The nuncio, seemed convinced of the merits of the allegations contained in the applications so advised, in its penetration
She well understood how great delicacy in these moments it takes to drive across love the clergy, and then study what needs before decreeing to the same punishment .
It is, moreover, stressed the very ease with which VSI to the early days of his government has estimated to prevail by the sword of punishment, the gentle game of the cross, giving almost all the clergy of his diocese examples of punishment ... Ease of imposing the canonical censures, and the need to withdraw does not produce the best effect ... I rested on the principle that you get with much sweetness, and little or nothing with the generalization of punishment, I believe that endeavor ways, and weighting, and charity in punishments, and all resolutions of some importance, and the advice that you will look far direct it to the good of the diocese, he would obtain the damage.
As advisers to the areas outlined, the nuncio had accepted as true the reports of Taranto, Raffaele Blunt (1835-55), on a rumor current in the Diocese of Oria whereby clerical "were most disappointed, because the punishment came from the insinuations made by the five brothers of the Bishop, so they say Bishops of Oria are six, not one. "
who tried to excuse the behavior of Margarita was the bishop of Nardo, Luigi collection (1849-73), which referred to the nuncio:
from those who blame themselves and take over the conduct of the Bishop of the Diocese of Oria rappresentasi greatly as undisciplined, and incorrect to sign that they can judge the effect of holy zeal seems to fit locks to others, discipline, and deference, and as the Bishop would advise using a little more caution, and in the holy work of raising the expired Ecclesiastical discipline proceeding with step less expeditious and more measured.
examining the chapters of his letters to churches and various interventions, we have gained the impression we are faced with a zealous bishop, but rather "despotic," to use the word told by his clergy. But almost all the bishops of the diocese in that age used the authoritarian system suggested by the circumstances, the character of the clergy and that the reform movement that in 800, after the Restoration, seemed to give credit to the authority in the religious sphere.
(Note 1) AS Lecce, Relationships ... 1848, fasc. 3183. The report of February 25 for Oria noted: "... except that certain exalted here, and the class of the proletariat, or of lesser landowners play in public the principles of liberalism in excess of constitutional limits. Come on here adopted the flag, map, and tapes tricolor. And always Oria March 6: "The voices, then, and read poems and sing in celebration, however straripassino constitutional boundaries, they seem to enjoy rather than dictated by the heat of a licentious freedom, rather than opens excitation sedition ... '.
It is generally known in the province of Lecce, "Conspiracy or attempt to change the subject of government and excite the subjects and the inhabitants of the Kingdom to take up arms against the royal authority, and speeches in public gatherings and places to lead directly to the people United to destroy and change the government, by May 19, 1848 in Lecce (see ibid.: Acts of inquiry and at the high court processura special criminal Terra d'Otranto for the events of May 1848, pp. 3-6). Very active
proved the canonical D. Salvatore Filoti and Manduria Schiavoni, who harangued the people inciting against King murderess they described as "author of blood and killings" and insinuating "to strangers, and that they govern dovevansi"
(Note 2) Father Palumbo, F. Francavilla History, vol. 2nd, p. 91. Monsignor Luigi Margarita invited Canon Ray, a professor of literature at the Seminary of Oria, to weave the obituary of Ferdinand II. But Ray refused the job saying that "the moral and the story that he was following, not judged to be commended for all the documents of the deceased sovereign »....................
(Note 3) P. PALUMBO, History of Francavilla F., vol. 2nd, p. 86; F. Argentina, one of the Risorgimento in Francavilla F. (1799-1860), Fasano 1965; ID., Monsignor Luigi Margarita Bishop of Oria, and the fight with his clergy during the Risorgimento, Bari 1955, pp. 14-15; L. Bishop MARGARET, pastoral letter to the clergy and people, Napoli 1851, pp. 5 ss. The Margarita declared himself surprised by "the unexpected announcement" of his episcopate. If his words are sincere, he was exempt from any action "simoniacal. The question remains open why not corroborated by documents, but based on the testimony of one person. In more than would fit in the political moves of his many enemies.
(Note 4) AS Vat, N. Nap., 107 Oria, ext. 4: draft of the nuncio Cardinal Della Genga: "I am convinced that Bishop Margaret circles become benevolent government through its political relations ... '.
(Note 5) R. De Cesare, The End of a Kingdom (Naples and Sicily). Part II. Reign of Francis II, Città di Castello 1900, p. 282. This report by the Director of the Interior and the Police was made on the basis of reports of newly appointed intendant of the liberal trend. See also: A. Monticone, Southern Bishops: 1861-1878, in Church and religion in Italy after unification (1861-1878). I - Reports, Milan 1973, pp. 86-87. On the political character of the southern bishops, the author points out: "The bishops elected prior to 1861 were mainly related to the government rather than Bourbon and still deeply hostile to the national movement, so that four of them left their seats followed the events of 1860 and remained absent for a long time: the margarita, Bishop of Oria, and risers, Ruvo and Bito, were still at the end of 1866 in the list of those who believed the government could not return home; Bruni, Ugento, had fled to Naples, where he had also withdrawn the 1860 Round of Taranto, remaining there until 1871, F. Joyful, episodes of reactionary clergy of Otranto in 1861-1865, in "Annals" of the Faculty of Education in Lecce, III (1973-1974), Bari 1974, pp. 227 ff.
(Note 6) P. Palumbo, cit.; AS Lecce, Proceedings of the Governor of Terra d'Otranto, phase. 16 October 1860. Contains two letters from the Mayor Barbaro-Forleo. In the first, he shall notify the Governor, "was approved a petition signed by clergy, religious communities, secular and several other notables of the middle class with which on behalf of this population dimandavasi ready removal of the Diocese Bishop Margarita, and her brother D. Thomas of his secretary, and provocavasi well as their translocation, providing another bishop of the diocese. This is because their mere existence in itself was a continuing threat to public order. " In the second letter says: "Know that this population abbrividisce to name only as Margarita is the detestation and hatred against him. " The bishop's brother, Antonio, but says unlike the temporary expulsion of the bishop of Oria: he estimated, "as one of the first owners of land in that town has always taken a few targeted malware that does not respect the laws and public policy and private, as a result of envy. The supplicant in order to avoid inconveniences and roads made against him and his family later in the first movements and political change in many municipalities that have produced unrest in the kingdom tried to get away for a while in other cities. "
(Note 7) F. Argentina, events ..., pp. 88-89. See also: AS Nap., A. Bourbon, 2220, II cat.: At a glance the conditions of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the year 1862 (the author is not mentioned), p. 2, footnote 1. It reported the opinion of the neutral press time on the behavior of the government towards the episcopate South: "When from 'Town Hall Napoletano become instances of the government, as was the case in many dioceses, to be called the Bishop in his residence, Government responds to the Bishops perfectly free.
At the same time gives to 'the Board of Bishops did not return for hours, to avoid danger in the hostilities, and reactions. Meanwhile, they are concerned as absent voluntarily, and confiscated the assets of the Canteen, by exciting the zeal of its debt by increasing the fee from 30 to 20 percent on the bishop's income collected rents. "
The petition is very sorry for people affezzionate the King, because it tries to make hateful person of the monarch, endeavoring to make it appear guilty of all the evil of government are open and regrets, attributing the major flaws that did not, and concealing the beginning of good in him that I must however say that the substance of public evils, against which they claim, is no longer serious I mean the lack of order and legality in the administration, with zeal and probity in public employees from top to bottom, without the necessary exceptions of course, that should really be looked upon as true exceptions.
It therefore came as a consequence of the revolution of 1848 and the granting of the Constitution of 29 January which allowed the guarantigie representative and established the national parliament. The news came in Puglia on 1 February, lifted enthusiastic welcomes. It had the feeling of being out of chaos and darkness. Even the "regular reports of the police," the joyful notified of the Constitution to Sava in Francavilla, Ceglie and Oria, which occurred well as various disorders dictated by the ancient rivalry between 'rich and poor. " The illusions aroused by the Constitution granted lasted until March 12, 1848 when it was withdrawn and were collected signatures to the initiative, prompting the immediate reaction of the liberals. The diocese he was involved (see Note 1). The government remedied immediately reinforced with police measures and penalties against the supporters of the Constitution.
the death of Ferdinand II, who spent the last years of his reign in the "most complete absolutism," ascended the throne his son Francis II, who was given the chance to witness the sad demise of the Bourbon dynasty from the kingdom of the Two Sicilies under the thrust of the action figures. After the capture of Naples (September 7, 1859) and Gaeta (February 13, 1861) left the country permanently retired to Rome, where he fed a weak reaction by promoting the revival brigandage (See Note 2)
In the last years of the Diocese of Oria Bourbon monarchy ruled by the Margarita was born in Francavilla Fontana, the only bishop of this period came from the same diocese. In the process was described:
Vir gravitate, prudence, doctrina, morum probity, rerumque experientia praeditus in Eccles et functionibus apprime versatus, dignus propterea here Ecclesiae Oritanae in Episcopum praeficiatur. For
Peter Palumbo, author of a history of Francavilla, liberal and outspoken opponent of Margarita, the latter would be elected to the chair of Oria 'sovereign for protection rather than merit, is not nothing but a poor monk of the Congregation of St. Vincent of Paul ' related to the Bourbon cause, facilitated by his brother Antonio, who had achieved an economic powerhouse of the family by marrying a Bottari. A few years later his appointment was suspected of simony. The Canon De Angelis, using the s. Father in 1857 against his bishop, he wrote:
[... only to resign V. Bliss, that such incapacity is more than benign consider simony publicly known ... Simony Margarita was trumpeting United PEL by a servant die, which took 8 000 ducats and the diocese now I can challenge many facts.]
This statement can not be assessed critically to the lack of other documents, it may seem at least suspected taking into account that De Angelis was relegated to a convent in Ruvo from Margarita. The news that Simon was still collected by some authors as Palumbo and Argentina. The first is about 12 thousand ducats and highlights the spirit of arrival of Margarita. The Argentina speaks instead of 18 thousand ducats offered to the minister because the person was proposed for s. A bishop's seat to occupy. But they do not show some, indeed estimate the charge of simony "a defamatory falsehood '
The 18,000 gold ducats if you really disbursed to the Ministry of Religious Affairs Bourbon era, did not involve the crime of simony, because it serves to get Fr Luigi Margarita Mission to the Holy See was proposed for appointment as Bishop of Oria, as a person worthy and pleasing to the R. Crown of Naples. We understand the effects of the proposal, which could also be rejected, not the church benefit from those who had the power to confer (See Note 3). More reliable
seems the insinuation that the government had proposed to Margarita s. See for its distinctly Bourbon and trends that had intended for a diocese declared by some "traditional nest of absolutism and tyranny" and where all the bishops certainly predecessors had shown undoubted attachment to the Bourbons. It is certain that the period of the episcopate in Margarita Oria is to be counted among the most troubled and difficult socio-political situations that required some adaptation psychology to which he was not prepared. So was unable to conceive, the various problems that faced the stage of history, a different solution from the confessional jurisdictionalism Bourbon still considered a "cornerstone for the reconstruction effort, which seemed so urgently need." This also explains that some of Margarita servility to the Bourbons, also conferred on him by the nuncio (See Note 4).
But the Bourbon monarchy had ended his story in the South and when he disappeared at the end of '59 is hardly surprising, since it has long warned that it could not fulfill its mission further. Several causes had prepared its end: the break with the Enlightenment Southern who had often supported the Bourbon reformist thinking, unlike other states, but the possibility of cooperation on a more democratic, the education crisis, the army and bureaucracy, the sad economic situation, despite attempts to reform , could not lift the conditions of the people, and finally, the lack of careful diplomacy in the field of alliances that forced her to remain in the circle of influence in Austria. That's why the margarita, bourbon devotion, began to suffer the consequences of his policies after the disappearance of the Bourbons, along with much of southern episcopate. There are those who think that the bishops had the South new political party to only want to appease the various factions. It was, writes the "Catholic Civilization," of frauds against them:
What then, as usual, is honored with the subversive to put the Bishops in the appearance of unfair and felons to their rightful King, praising them for having joined the new order established there by the treachery and force. This is quite false. Very few of the bishops bowed to such cowardice, and several, such as the sake of example, the Professor of Altamura, wrote letters to cancel a lot of energy with which the imposture of their goodness evil faceasi abuse, putting them on display for members the revolution. So sad soles repaid by the piety and charity the clergy. This fidelity to the episcopate
Bourbon cause, unlike the lower clergy, was also declared in a report dated 18 August 1860 the Minister of Interior:
A fact I have to report to Your Excellency almost universal, and in ways more or less expressed is repeated in all dioceses in the Kingdom and it is that the bishops be discovered, generally speaking, hostile to the new order of things. Only there was difference in the way that some make an opposition to the Statute would say almost passive, it does not allow you to play with freedom and those that way, which is required of a will that bear fruits worthy of the maturity of the times in which we are. Others, making him the most striking contrast, almost uniform dressing of the conspirators, to forget the past and defl'ufiicio priestly and public debt, with the word that is mighty on their lips, and openly hostile acts, become the center of reaction and the honest Liberal lead to thoughts that they had not ever, removing power to the government and the country in putting on the skid to fall into anarchy ... (See Note 5). Among the bishops
liable to object to the granting of constitutional status granted by Francis II in '48 and recalled by a decree in force on 1 July 1860, was also added to the margarita along with some of its clergy. Unconstitutional, but the reaction of the clergy and workers were generally in Salento. The years that followed
Unit Italy scored in the clash, in ecclesiastical politics, the "rigid Southern jurisdictionalism" with the formula devised by the Cavour of the freedom of the State and the Church. Mancini did not like the minister and other southerners who admitted that the state should continue to exercise its historical prerogatives exequatur of placet and the like that placed him in a position of supremacy over the Church. This divergence of views appeared well when he was presented the Bill of Guarantees to fix the position of the s. See after the fall of Rome and the fall of the temporal power. It had been set to the new fomula Cavour separatism of church and state. However, these years were painful
for the bishops of the kingdom that manifests their sense pastoral letters on "mournful events' Italian, showing solidarity to the pope to the facts of the Papal States. In January 1860 the bishops of the kingdom of Naples, wrote a letter to the Pope, who also bore the signature of Margarita. The political action of Margarita is influenced by these circumstances. He, having had to master the P. Thomas Contieri of a liberal, pro-Bourbon was, in fact it was believed 'spy Bourbon. " Yet he told the nuncio that one of the first acts of his episcopate was "not to meddle in political matters, but to continue in the holy mission of the priesthood," along with his clergy. And yet was forced to deal with it is because he believed in the mission for the Church of the Bourbons and because it stimulated by several accessions of his clergy to the new political order. His authority rest on the liberal priests who, in appeals to the authorities and in meetings of the Chapter, not a shepherd but described him police commissioner, "an instrument of religious tyranny of the Bourbons," wrapped up in litigation, sower of dissent, of desolation and grief for the priests that he often chastises liberals. And so he was forced to suffer the consequences of his action on the part of the liberal reaction when the Constitution was proclaimed. Appeared against him and his family also believed religious' spy Bourbon. " He retired in Francavilla for peace. Part of the numerous clergy, the liberal, his native city does not welcome the presence and advanced to the Mayor Nicholas Barbaro-Forleo's request to remove him:
urgent and imperative need proclaims ready sortie of this unworthy prelate. For that this petition strongly recommended to you or the Mayor and settlers that represented the needs of our country lest certified by your decision, was resigned to all'Intendente the effectiveness of its implementation. On August 16, 1860
decurionato voted by acclamation the absolute removal of the bishop and his brother Secretary lest not done any disorder among this population that is ill and because he sees the Archbishop Bishop was catered by the canteen now vacant in the fact that the disorder takes on the clergy and therefore the people of the diocese (see Note 6).
And you wanted too, that the liberal clergy were deprived of office, because he was held responsible for the discord among the population. Under pressure from decurionato which it had put a report to the governor of the Terra d'Otranto walked away from his family retired to Naples in S. John Teduccio in the diocese entrusted to the treasurer D. Easter in May. Since these same political direction of the bishop was forced to resign Sept. 4, 1860, and his place was occupied by the old D. Cosimo Lombardi supported by liberal revolutionaries who stormed the bishop's palace, broke the bishop's throne and burned the arms, while others' ambitious Chapter Orit, playing according to their point of view the canonical laws, persuaded colleagues to declare the seat vacant Diocese of Oria, in the absence of the bishop and the ignorance of his address and request the seizure of the Lieutenancy of Naples on revenues of Bishop's Table "(See Note 7). The Lombardi lasted a few months in office, and 1861 he resigned for health reasons or because the bishop declared void the election. Although the Lieutenancy of Naples advised him he was not given a substitute, and consequently the right passed to the Metropolitan Church of Taranto. As Msgr. Joseph Rotondo (1855-1885) for the same distance political reasons that had hit the Margarita, the election was made by his vicar Canon D. Whiskers who sent Augustine to Oria D. Ciro Pignatelli di Grottaglie. But s. Congregation of Bishops and Regulars distrusted the Pignatelli with a rescript of November 23, 1861, appointing in his place the canonical D. Vincenzo De Angelis. Pignatelli, not only did not resign, but obtained by the government to relegate the first De Angelis in Brindisi and Lecce then. Great was the disorder and the deep rift between the clergy Margarit that was situated in the canon and the liberal May that recognized the Pignatelli. Were left in the first few churches to minister, but were chosen by the majority of the people for baptism and to celebrate weddings. It developed a some confusion even in convents who refused the authority of the Pignatelli declared invalid because the "only legitimate and to be - he wrote the same Pignatelli - one of the infamous Bishop Margarita away, and his Pro-Vicar General Can. De Angelis. " The Canon De Angelis, from where he was relegated Lecce, did not cease, according to the report of the Pignatelli,
of sowing in all countries of this diocese, the most fierce moral reasoning, suggesting a number of ecclesiastical and political isconoscermi, as they have done with lead by S. See rescripts, give the course despite having no kind of Royal Exequatur, dé a capitatomi which I am honored with leaves, and the same with his report procured from which we clearly see that in the act, I ruled this diocese as Vicar of the Chapter, he strives to govern by stealth Vicar General.
The rapporteur's position finally became untenable for the fierce struggle leveled at him by opponents, which he called "emissaries and Bourbonists Margaritiani ', and resigned September 25, 1863. He was succeeded by the Canon again in May at the behest of the bishop and were favored margaritani this time until the coming of Margarita in '66, but was forced to leave again struck by the Crispi Law of "suspicious" of May 1866, accused "of such disruptive public policy ', Lecce were relegated to the first, then Fenestrelle, from where he returned with a form of hearing loss serious enough that you do not never went back completely. In '67 he returned permanently in place.
Here ends the political crisis in the diocese and started his pastoral work of reconstruction to recover the share of the clergy who had embraced the new address and liberal restore confidence to the people devastated by internal strife. In its report of the Ad Limina '66 Margarita drew a picture of the political and moral situation of his diocese that occurred during the five years or so by noting the absence of adversity and attacks on religion.
In this situation the Church would have required sensitive elements to the new order of things in order not to compromise the entire pastoral action. There
wonder if Bishop Margarita was a bishop prepared to fulfill his pastoral duty. He "fighter in the defense of the faith", was accused of hindering "the most holy and every reasonable progress." Perhaps because of his character he failed to earn the respect and cooperation of all his clergy. Environment exacerbated the criticisms and complaints was described as "despotic character harsh, indelicate, unwise, overbearing, idolater of himself, vain, stubborn, greedy, greedy, cruel, and capricious punishment by public humiliation, up from the pulpits ... '. Not be underestimated even in the absence of Bourbon peace within the diocese had suggested that government, in 1854, transferring to another seat but was rejected by the Margarita. The nuncio, seemed convinced of the merits of the allegations contained in the applications so advised, in its penetration
She well understood how great delicacy in these moments it takes to drive across love the clergy, and then study what needs before decreeing to the same punishment .
It is, moreover, stressed the very ease with which VSI to the early days of his government has estimated to prevail by the sword of punishment, the gentle game of the cross, giving almost all the clergy of his diocese examples of punishment ... Ease of imposing the canonical censures, and the need to withdraw does not produce the best effect ... I rested on the principle that you get with much sweetness, and little or nothing with the generalization of punishment, I believe that endeavor ways, and weighting, and charity in punishments, and all resolutions of some importance, and the advice that you will look far direct it to the good of the diocese, he would obtain the damage.
As advisers to the areas outlined, the nuncio had accepted as true the reports of Taranto, Raffaele Blunt (1835-55), on a rumor current in the Diocese of Oria whereby clerical "were most disappointed, because the punishment came from the insinuations made by the five brothers of the Bishop, so they say Bishops of Oria are six, not one. "
who tried to excuse the behavior of Margarita was the bishop of Nardo, Luigi collection (1849-73), which referred to the nuncio:
from those who blame themselves and take over the conduct of the Bishop of the Diocese of Oria rappresentasi greatly as undisciplined, and incorrect to sign that they can judge the effect of holy zeal seems to fit locks to others, discipline, and deference, and as the Bishop would advise using a little more caution, and in the holy work of raising the expired Ecclesiastical discipline proceeding with step less expeditious and more measured.
examining the chapters of his letters to churches and various interventions, we have gained the impression we are faced with a zealous bishop, but rather "despotic," to use the word told by his clergy. But almost all the bishops of the diocese in that age used the authoritarian system suggested by the circumstances, the character of the clergy and that the reform movement that in 800, after the Restoration, seemed to give credit to the authority in the religious sphere.
(Note 1) AS Lecce, Relationships ... 1848, fasc. 3183. The report of February 25 for Oria noted: "... except that certain exalted here, and the class of the proletariat, or of lesser landowners play in public the principles of liberalism in excess of constitutional limits. Come on here adopted the flag, map, and tapes tricolor. And always Oria March 6: "The voices, then, and read poems and sing in celebration, however straripassino constitutional boundaries, they seem to enjoy rather than dictated by the heat of a licentious freedom, rather than opens excitation sedition ... '.
It is generally known in the province of Lecce, "Conspiracy or attempt to change the subject of government and excite the subjects and the inhabitants of the Kingdom to take up arms against the royal authority, and speeches in public gatherings and places to lead directly to the people United to destroy and change the government, by May 19, 1848 in Lecce (see ibid.: Acts of inquiry and at the high court processura special criminal Terra d'Otranto for the events of May 1848, pp. 3-6). Very active
proved the canonical D. Salvatore Filoti and Manduria Schiavoni, who harangued the people inciting against King murderess they described as "author of blood and killings" and insinuating "to strangers, and that they govern dovevansi"
(Note 2) Father Palumbo, F. Francavilla History, vol. 2nd, p. 91. Monsignor Luigi Margarita invited Canon Ray, a professor of literature at the Seminary of Oria, to weave the obituary of Ferdinand II. But Ray refused the job saying that "the moral and the story that he was following, not judged to be commended for all the documents of the deceased sovereign »....................
(Note 3) P. PALUMBO, History of Francavilla F., vol. 2nd, p. 86; F. Argentina, one of the Risorgimento in Francavilla F. (1799-1860), Fasano 1965; ID., Monsignor Luigi Margarita Bishop of Oria, and the fight with his clergy during the Risorgimento, Bari 1955, pp. 14-15; L. Bishop MARGARET, pastoral letter to the clergy and people, Napoli 1851, pp. 5 ss. The Margarita declared himself surprised by "the unexpected announcement" of his episcopate. If his words are sincere, he was exempt from any action "simoniacal. The question remains open why not corroborated by documents, but based on the testimony of one person. In more than would fit in the political moves of his many enemies.
(Note 4) AS Vat, N. Nap., 107 Oria, ext. 4: draft of the nuncio Cardinal Della Genga: "I am convinced that Bishop Margaret circles become benevolent government through its political relations ... '.
(Note 5) R. De Cesare, The End of a Kingdom (Naples and Sicily). Part II. Reign of Francis II, Città di Castello 1900, p. 282. This report by the Director of the Interior and the Police was made on the basis of reports of newly appointed intendant of the liberal trend. See also: A. Monticone, Southern Bishops: 1861-1878, in Church and religion in Italy after unification (1861-1878). I - Reports, Milan 1973, pp. 86-87. On the political character of the southern bishops, the author points out: "The bishops elected prior to 1861 were mainly related to the government rather than Bourbon and still deeply hostile to the national movement, so that four of them left their seats followed the events of 1860 and remained absent for a long time: the margarita, Bishop of Oria, and risers, Ruvo and Bito, were still at the end of 1866 in the list of those who believed the government could not return home; Bruni, Ugento, had fled to Naples, where he had also withdrawn the 1860 Round of Taranto, remaining there until 1871, F. Joyful, episodes of reactionary clergy of Otranto in 1861-1865, in "Annals" of the Faculty of Education in Lecce, III (1973-1974), Bari 1974, pp. 227 ff.
(Note 6) P. Palumbo, cit.; AS Lecce, Proceedings of the Governor of Terra d'Otranto, phase. 16 October 1860. Contains two letters from the Mayor Barbaro-Forleo. In the first, he shall notify the Governor, "was approved a petition signed by clergy, religious communities, secular and several other notables of the middle class with which on behalf of this population dimandavasi ready removal of the Diocese Bishop Margarita, and her brother D. Thomas of his secretary, and provocavasi well as their translocation, providing another bishop of the diocese. This is because their mere existence in itself was a continuing threat to public order. " In the second letter says: "Know that this population abbrividisce to name only as Margarita is the detestation and hatred against him. " The bishop's brother, Antonio, but says unlike the temporary expulsion of the bishop of Oria: he estimated, "as one of the first owners of land in that town has always taken a few targeted malware that does not respect the laws and public policy and private, as a result of envy. The supplicant in order to avoid inconveniences and roads made against him and his family later in the first movements and political change in many municipalities that have produced unrest in the kingdom tried to get away for a while in other cities. "
(Note 7) F. Argentina, events ..., pp. 88-89. See also: AS Nap., A. Bourbon, 2220, II cat.: At a glance the conditions of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the year 1862 (the author is not mentioned), p. 2, footnote 1. It reported the opinion of the neutral press time on the behavior of the government towards the episcopate South: "When from 'Town Hall Napoletano become instances of the government, as was the case in many dioceses, to be called the Bishop in his residence, Government responds to the Bishops perfectly free.
At the same time gives to 'the Board of Bishops did not return for hours, to avoid danger in the hostilities, and reactions. Meanwhile, they are concerned as absent voluntarily, and confiscated the assets of the Canteen, by exciting the zeal of its debt by increasing the fee from 30 to 20 percent on the bishop's income collected rents. "
0 comments:
Post a Comment